Gladue In Depth - References

[1] http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/041027/d041027b.htm; but Daily Report, 2005 Stats Can: Aboriginal peoples make up %20 of those serving custodial sentences: http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/050510/d050510b.htm.
[2] BC has approximately 21,098 Aboriginal youths and about 298,756 non-Aboriginal youths (estimates based on 2001 census: see here).  BC prisons contain about 60 Aboriginal youths and 85 non-Aboriginal Youths (based one-day snapshot of Aboriginal youths in custody, February 2004: see here).  Thus the incarceration rates (per 10,000 of population) for non-Aboriginal youths is about 2.9 while the incarceration rate for Aboriginals is 28.4 or about 9-10 times higher.  Latimer, J. and Foss, L.C.  “A One-Day Snapshot of Aboriginal Youth in Custody Across Canada: Phase II”.  Department of Justice Canada: Research and Statistics Division – Youth Justice Research, Feb 2004.  Aug 21, 2006 http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2004/yj2-jj2/yj2.pdf.
[3] “[T]here is widespread consensus that imprisonment has not been successful in achieving” the goals of sentencing (R. v. Gladue, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 688, 133 C.C.C. (3d) 385, per Iacobucci and Cory, JJ. at par 57).
[4] Aboriginal peoples suffer disproportionately from this failure of correctional justice due to their “fundamentally different world views…with respect to such elemental issues as the substantive content of justice” –Iacobucci and Cory, JJ. quoting with approval the findings of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples ‘Bridging the Cultural Divide’ (Gladue, supra, at par. 62).
[5] Gladue, supra at par. 64.
[6] Rudin, J. “Aboriginal Peoples and the Criminal Justice System: A Background Paper Prepared for the Ipperwash Inquiry”.  Ipperwash Inquiry Paper-Draft 2005, at page28; available here.  On colonialism, see also Roach, K. and Rudin, J. “Broken Promises: A Response to Stenning and Roberts’ ‘Empty Promises’”. 2002 65 Sask. L. Rev. 3.
[7] R. v. Wells [2000] 1 S.C.R. 207, 141 C.C.C. (3d) 368, per Iacobucci, J., at par. 35.
[8] R. v. Proulx [2000] 1 S.C.R. 61, 140 C.C.C. (3d) 449, per Lamer C.J.C. at par. 105.
[9] For descriptions and stories of those who have undergone restorative processes by serving their sentences conditionally in the community, see here.
[10] R. v. Williams [2004] B.C.J. No. 2587, BCPC 459, per Schmidt, J. at par 41.
[11] Bonta, J., Wallace-Capretta, S., Rooney, J., & McAnoy, K. (2002). An outcome evaluation of a restorative justice alternative to incarceration. Contemporary Justice Review, 5, 319-338.  Key results are summarized here.  More studies on the effectiveness of restorative justice practices are needed.
[12] Porter, Abbey J.  “The Jerry Lee Program Research on Restorative Justice: Promising Results” International Institute for Restorative Practices April 13, 2006.  Article is available here.